egkleqan ,oa ukjk;.kiqj ftys ds lkekftd fLFkfr dk fo'ys"k.kkRed vè;;u

misUæ dqekj lkgw

vfrfFk O;k[kkrk] vFkZ'kkL=] cæh çlkn yksèkh LukrdksÙkj 'kkldh; egkfo|ky;] vkjax]

ftyk&jk;iqj ¼N-x-½

*Corresponding Author E-mail: upendrakumarsahu987@gmail.com

ABSTRACT:

çLrqr 'kksèk i= ds vè;;u egkleqan ,oa ukjk;.kiqj ftys lkekftd fLFkfr ds fo'ys"k.kkRed vè;;u ij vkèkkfjr gSA bl vè;;u esa egkleqan ,oa ukjk;.kiqj ftys ds U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa dh vk;q lajpuk] fyax lajpuk] 'kS{kf.kd Lrj ifjokjksa dh tkfrxr oxÊdj.k rFkk ifjokfjd lajpuk ,oa ifjokjksa dk vkSlr vkdkj dk vè;;u çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA orZeku n'kd esa fodkl'khy vkSj mHkjrs ns'kksa ds xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa lkekftd fLFkfr esa ldkjkRed lajpukRed ifjorZu gq, gSa vkSj {ks=h; fopkjèkkjk fodkl ds ekxZ dks ç'kLr djrh gS rFkk xzkeh.k {ks= ds fodkl ij Hkkxhnkjh dk ldkjkRed çHkko lkekftd] vkfFkZd] laLFkkxr laifÙk ij –f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA bl çdkj {ks=h; Lrj ij pyk;s x;s fof'k"V lkekftd thou dh laèkkj.kk l?ku tula[;k vkSj xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fodkl esa vfèkd U;k;laxr vkSj lekos'kh gSA

KEYWORDS: lkekftd fLFkfr] fo'ys"k.kkRed] lekos'kh] U;k; laxr] xzkeh.k {ks=] laèkkj.kk] lkekftd fLFkfr] vkfFkZd fLFkfr] ldkjkRed&lajpukRed ifjorZu] fodkl'khyA

çLrkouk %&

Hkkjr xk¡oksa dk ns'k gS ftlesa ns'k dh 70 çfr'kr tula[;k xk¡oksa esa fuokl djrh gSA Hkkjr dh thou 'kfä dk vkèkkj xzkeh.k lekt gSA Hkkjr ,d fodkl'khy ns'k gSA Hkkjr ds fy, xjhch ,d vke ,oa çkphu 'kCn gSA fodflr ns'kksa dh rqyuk esa Hkkjr esa rhoz tula[;k o`f) gksus ds dkj.k xjhch] Hkw[kejh rFkk csjkstxkjh vfèkd gSA ns'k esa miyCèk çk—frd lalkèkuksa dk fonksgu leqfpr <ax ls u gks ikus ds dkj.k xjhch ,oa csjkstxkjh dk Lo:i O;kid gSA tux.kuk 2001 ds vuqlkj Hkkjr dh dqy tula[;k 102-86 djksM+ Fkh tks c<+dj 2011 tux.kuk ds vuqlkj 121-01 djksM+ tula[;k gks xbZ gSA xjhch ekuo thou dh lcls cM+h pqukSrh gksrh gS D;ksafd tks O;fä ;k ifjokj bl leL;k ls çHkkfor gksrk gS mlds thou dk çR;sd i{k xjhch ls çHkkfor gksrk gSA bl çdkj xjhch O;fä ds fodkl esa lcls cM+h ckèkd gksrh gSA bl leL;k dks nwj djus ds fy, gekjs ns'k esa ;kstuk vk;ksx }kjk xjhch mUewyu ds fy, fiNys N% n'kdksa ls yxkrkj fofHkUu ;kstukvksa dk dk;kZUo;u fd;k x;k gSA ljdkj }kjk cukbZ x;h dqN ek=k esa ;kstukvksa ds y{; çLrkfor fd;k x;k rFkk dqN ek=k esa ;kstuk, vlQy jgh blfy, vkt Hkh xjhch mUewyu gekjs ns'k ds fy, ,d pqukSrh cuh gqbZ gSA

'kksèk çjpuk ,oa çfofèk;k¡

çLrqr 'kksèk vè;;u çkFkfed ,oa f}rh;d nksuksa vk¡dM+ksa ij vkèkkfjr gSA çkFkfed vk¡dM+ksa dk ladyu çR;{k lk{kkRdj vuqlwph ds ekè;e ls rFkk f}rh;d lead jk"Vªh; uewuk loZs{k.k laxBu] dsUæh; lkaf[;dh; laxBu rFkk vU; v)Z'kkldh;] 'kkldh; laLFkkvksa }kjk çdkf'kr çfrosnuksa dh lgk;rk ls laxzg.k fd;k x;k gSA çkFkfed vk¡dM+ksa ds fo'ys"k.k ds fy, fofHkUu lkaf[;dh; fofèk;ksa ,oa js[kkfp=ksa dk ç;ksx fd;k x;k gSA lkaf[;dh; fofèk;ksa ds varxZr gsM dkmUV vuqikr] fxuh xq.kkad] vkSlr fofèk ,oa çfr'kr fofèk dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gSA 'kksèk dh leL;kvksa rFkk mlesa mi;ksxh çfofèk;ksa dks lek;kstu gsrq iwoZ fuèkkZfjr fu.kZ;ks dh :ijs[kk gh vuqlaèkku çjpuk dgykrh gSA çkFkfed laedks ds ladyu ds fy;s cgqLrjh; nSo fun'kZu çjpuk dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k gS fun'kZu dk p;u bl çdkj fd;k x;k gS fd lHkh ifjokjksa dks p;u dk leku volj çkIr gksA fun'kZ bZdkbZ ds igys Lrj ij ftyk ls p;fur fd;k x;k gSA vè;;u dk;Z ds fy;s egklaeqn ,oa aukjk;.kiqj ftys dk p;u fd;k x;k gSA

vè;;u dh lhek,a

çLrqr 'kksèk vè;;u NÙkhlx<+ ds egkleqan ,oa ukjk;iqj ftys ds lkekftd fLFkfr ls lacafèkr orZeku ifj–"; ds vè;;u ij vkèkkfjr gSA 'kksèk esa ;g Kkr djus dk ç;kl fd;k x;k gS fd xzkeh.k {ks=ksa esa U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa dh vk;q lajpuk] fyax lajpuk] 'kS{kf.kd lajpuk] tkfrxr oxÊdj.k] ikfjokfjd lajpuk dk vè;;u fd;k x;k gS ftlls lEcfUèkr lwpukvksa dks xksiuh; j[krk gS ftlls lk{kkRdkj vuqlwph es fufeZr ç'uksa dk lgh mÙkj çkIr djus esa leL;k mRiUu gksrh gSaA xzkeh.k ifjokjksa dks viuh lkekftd fLFkfr dh tkudkjh ugha gksrh fd og lkekftd fnup;kZ dh rjg fuoZgu djrh gSA vr% vuqlwph esa fufeZr ç'uksa dk lgh tokc feyus dh leL;k cuh jgrh gS bu ç'uksa dh =qfV dks iwjd ç'uksa ds lgk;rk ls nwj fd;k x;k gSA

vè;;u ds mís';

egkleqan ,oa ukjk;.kiqj ftys ds lkekftd fLFkfr dk vè;;u djukA

¼v½ U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa dh vk;q lajpuk dk vè;;u djukA

¼c½ U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa dh fyax lajpuk dk vè;;u djukA

¼l½ U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa dh 'kS{kf.kd Lrj lajpuk dk vè;;u djukA

¼n½ U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa dh tkfrxr oxÊdj.k dk vè;;u djukA

¼;½ U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa dh ikfjokfjd lajpuk dk vè;;u djukA

¼j½ U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa dh vkSlr vkdkj dk vè;;u djukA

NÙkhlx<+ esa lkekftd fLFkfr dk orZeku ifj–";

'kksèk vè;;u esa fun'kZ ifjokjksa dh lkekftd] vkfFkZd fLFkfr dh fofHkUu igyqvksa dks çLrqr fd;k x;k gSA bl v?;;u ds varxZr vk;q lajpuk] fyax lajpuk] f'k{kk] tkfrxr oxÊdj.k] ifjokj dh lajpuk bR;kfn fcUnqvksa ij fo'ys"k.k fd;k x;k gSA fo'ys"k.k ls ;g irk yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd lkekftd {ks= ls detksj ,oa fuèkZu ifjokjksa rFkk vlekurkvksa ls lacfUèkr gS ftls ikfjokfjd lajpuk] lnL;ksa dh vk;q] ifjokj dh U;wure vko';drk] thou dh Lrj o vlekurk ij vusd fof'k"V tkudkjh çkIr gksxhA

lkfj.kh Øekad 1-1 & fun'kZ ifjokjksa dh vk;q lajpuk ¼o"kZ esa½

vk;q ¼o"kZ esa½

Ekgkleqan

Ukkjk;.kiqj

10&20

¼9-9½

¼10-6½

20&30

¼18-2½

¼20-7½

30&40

¼33-9½

¼30-5½

40&50

¼16-5½

¼19-8½

50&60

¼13-7½

¼11-6½

60ls vf/kd

¼7-8½

¼6-8½

;ksx

192

¼100½

192

¼100½

L=ksr&O;fäxr loZs{k.k A

uksV% dks"Bd esa çnf'kZr çfr'kr dks n'kkZrk gSA

mi;Zqä lkfj.kh Øekad 1-1 esa fun'kZ ifjokjksa dh vk;q lajpuk ¼o"kZ esa½ egkleqan ftys esa vk;q 10&20 o"kZ rd 9-9 çfr'kr O;fä gS] vk;q 20&30 o"kZ esa 18-2 çfr'kr O;fä gS] vk;q 30&40 o"kZ esa 33-9 çfr'kr O;fä gS] vk;q 40&50 o"kZ esa 16-5 çfr'kr O;fä gS] vk;q 50&60 o"kZ eas 13-7 çfr'kr O;fä gS rFkk vk;q 60 ls vfèkd o"kZ 7-8 çfr'kr O;fä gSA ukjk;.kiqj ftys esa vk;q 10&20 o"kZ rd 10-6 çfr'kr O;fä gS] vk;q 20&30 o"kZ esa 20-7 çfr'kr O;fä gS] vk;q 30&40 o"kZ esa 30-5 çfr'kr O;fä gS] vk;q 40&50 o"kZ esa 19-8 çfr'kr O;fä gS] vk;q 50&60 o"kZ eas 11-6 çfr'kr O;fä gS rFkk vk;q 60 ls vfèkd o"kZ 6-8 çfr'kr O;fä gSA

fp= Øekad 1-1 ds vUrxZr U;kn’kZ ifjokjksa dh vk;q lajpuk o"kksZa esa O;fDr;ksa dh la[;k dh tkudkjh izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

Lkkfj.kh Øekad 1-2 & fun’kZ ifjokjksa dh fyax lajpuk

ftyk	fyax lajpuk		fyaxkuqikr
ftyk	iq:"k	Ekfgyk	fyaxkuqikr
Ekgkleqan	1000	1002	1002
Ukkjk;.kiqj	1000	976	976
L=ksr & O;fDrxr losZ{k.k A

mi;qZDr lkfj.kh Øekad 1-2 esa fun'kZ ifjokjks dh fyax lajpuk Ekgkleqan ftys esa iq:"k 1000] efgyk 1002 gS] vr% fyaxkuqikr 1002 gS rFkk Ukkjk;.kiqj ftys esa iq:"k 1000] efgyk 976 gS] vr% fyaxkuqikr 976 fyaxkuqikr gSA

fp= Øekad 1-2 ds vUrxZr fun'kZ ifjokjks dh fyax lajpuk tkudkjh izLrqr fd;k x;k gS rFkk losZ{k.k ls izkIr leadks ds vk/kkj ij mUgsa izfr 1000 iq:"kks ds ihNs Ekfgykvksa dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

Lkkfj.kh Øekad 1-3 & fun’kZ ifjokjksa dk 'kS{kf.kd Lrj

ftyk

'kS{kf.kd Lrj

ÁkFkfed

Ekk/;fed

mPp-ek

mPpÙkj ek-

Lukrd

LukrdksÙkj

dqy

Ekgkleqan

(3.1)

(17.7)

(34.9)

(29.7)

(10.9)

(3.6)

192

(100)

Ukkjk;.kiqj

(1.6)

(19.8)

(30.2)

(30.7)

(15.6)

(2.1)

192

(100)

;ksx

(2.35)

(18.75)

125

(32.55)

116

(30.2)

(13.25)

(2.85)

384

(100)

L=ksr & O;fDrxr losZ{k.k A

uksV% dks’Bd esa iznf"kZr izfr’kr dks n’kkZrk gSA

mi;qZDr lkfj.kh Øekad 1-3 esa fun'kZ ifjokjks dh 'kS{kf.kd Lrj Ekgkleqan ftys esa lcls vf/kd mPp ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa dh izfr’kr 34-9 gS rFkk lcls de izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa dh izfr’kr 3-1 gSA Ukkjk;.kiqj ftys esa lcls vf/kd mPpÙkj ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa dh izfr”kr 30-7 gS rFkk lcls de izkFkfed fo|ky;ksa dk izfr’kr 1-6 gSA

fp= Øekad 1-3 ds vUrxZr fun'kZ ifjokjksa dh 'kS{kf.kd Lrj dh tkudkjh izLrqr fd;k x;k gS rFkk losZ{k.k ls izkIr leadks ds vk/kkj ij mUgsa izfr’kr :Ik esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

Lkkfj.kh Øekad 1-4 & fun’kZ ifjokjksa dk tkfrxr oxhZdj.k

ftyk

Tkkfrxr oxhZdj.k

v-tk

v-tu-tk-

v-fi-o-

lkekU;

dqy

Ekgkleqan

¼17-7½

¼24-5½

¼28-6½

¼26-6½

192

¼100½

Ukkjk;.kiqj

¼13-5½

¼49-0½

¼34-9½

¼2-6½

192

¼100½

;ksx

¼15-6½

141

¼36-75½

122

¼31-75½

¼14-6½

384

¼100½

L=ksr&O;fDrxr losZ{k.k A

uksV% dks"Bd esa iznf’kZr izfr’kr dks n’kkZrk gSA

mi;qZDr lkfj.kh Øekad 1-4 esa fun'kZ ifjokjkas tkfrxr oxhZdj.k Ekgkleqan ftys esa v-tk-17-7 Áfr’kr] v-tu-tk- 24-5 Áfr’kr v-fi-o-28-6 Áfr’kr] lkekU; 26-6 Áfr’kr] ,oa Ukkjk;.kiqj ftys esa v-tk-13-5 Áfr’kr] v-tu-tk- 49-0 Áfr’kr v-fi-o-34-9 Áfr’kr] lkekU; 2-6 Áfr’kr] vr% lEiw.kZ NÙkhlx<+ esa fun’kZ ifjokjksa dh tkfrxr oxhZdj.k v-tk-15-6 Áfr’kr] v-tu-tk- 36-75 Áfr’kr v-fi-o- 31-75 Áfr’kr] lkekU; 14-6 Áfr’kr gSA

fp= Øekad 1-4 ds vUrxZr fun'kZ ifjokjksa tkfrxr oxhZdj.k dh tkudkjh izLrqr fd;k x;k gS rFkk losZ{k.k ls izkIr leadks ds vk/kkj ij mUgsa izfr’kr :Ik esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

Lkkfj.kh Øekad 1-5 & fun’kZ ifjokjksa dh ikfjokfjd lajpuk

ftyk

Ikfjokj dh lajpuk

Lak;qDr

,dy

dqy

Ekgkleqan

¼49-00½

¼51-00½

192

¼100½

Ukkjk;.kiqj

¼44-00½

110

¼56-00½

192

¼100½

;ksx

176

¼46-5½

208

¼53-5½

384

¼100½

L=ksr&O;fDrxr losZ{k.k A

uksV% dks’Bd esa iznf’kZr izfr’kr dks n’kkZrk gSA

mi;qZDr lkfj.kh Øekad 1-5 esa fun'kZ ifjokjksa dh ikfjokfjd lajpuk Ekgkleqan ftys esa la;qDr 49-0 Áfr’kr] ,dy 51-0 Áfr’kr Ukkjk;.kiqj ftys esa la;qDr 44-0 Áfr’kr] ,dy 56-0 Áfr’kr vr% lEiw.kZ NÙkhlx<+ esa fun’kZ ifjokjksa dh ikfjokfjd lajpuk la;qDr 46-5 Áfr’kr] ,dy 53-5 Áfr’kr gSA

fp= Øekad 1-5 ds vUrxZr fun'kZ ifjokjkas dh ikfjokfjd lajpuk dh tkudkjh izLrqr fd;k x;k gS rFkk losZ{k.k ls izkIr leadks ds vk/kkj ij mUgsa izfr’kr :Ik esa izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

Lkkfj.kh Øekad 1-6 & fun’kZ ifjokjksa dk vkSlr vkdkj

ftyk	Ikfjokjksa dh la[;k	dqy tula[;k	ifjokjksa dh vkSlr
Ekgkleqan	192	1075	5.6
Ukkjk;.kiqj	192	1190	6.2
;ksx	384	2265	5.9
L=ksr & O;fDrxr losZ{k.k A

mi;Zqä lkfj.kh Øekad 1-6 esa fun'kZ ifjokjkas dk vkSlr vkdkj dks n'kkZ;k x;k gSA egkleqan ftys esa dqy ifjokjksa dk la[;k 192 gS] ftudh dqy tula[;k 1075 gS rFkk ifjokjksa dk vkSlr vkdkj 5-6 gSA ukjk;.kiqj ftys eas dqy ifjokjksa dk la[;k 192 gS] ftudh dqy tula[;k 1190 gS rFkk ifjokjksa dk vkSlr vkdkj 6-2 gSA vr% lEiw.kZ NÙkhlx<+ esa fun'kZ ifjokjksa dk vkSlr vkdkj 5-9 gSA

ifjdYiuk,a

¼v½ egkleqan ,oa ukjk;.kiqj ftys ds 'kS{kf.kd Lrj esa lkFkZd deh gqbZA

¼c½ egkleqan ,oa ukjk;.kiqj ftys ds ifjokjksa dh vkSlr vkdkj esa lkFkZd deh gqbZA

fu"d"kZ %&

çLrqr 'kksèk vè;;u egkleqan ,oa ukjk;.kiqj ftys lkekftd fLFkfr ds fo'ys"k.kkRed vè;;u ij vkèkkfjr gSA bl vè;;u esa egkleqan ,oa ukjk;.kiqj ftys ds U;kn'kZ ifjokjksa dh vk;q lajpuk] fyax lajpuk] 'kS{kf.kd Lrj ifjokjksa dh tkfrxr oxÊdj.k rFkk ifjokfjd lajpuk ,oa ifjokjksa dk vkSlr vkdkj dk vè;;u çLrqr fd;k x;k gS ftlds varxZr ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd egkleqan ,oa ukjk;.kiqj ftys esa f'k{kk ds Lrj esa o`f) gqbZ gS vFkkZr~ vè;;u ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd Hkkjr tux.kuk 2011 esa NÙkhlx<+ esa f'k{kk dk çfr'kr 74-04 rFkk tks c<+dj orZeku 77-35 gks xbZ gSA egkleqan ftyk esa f'k{kk ds Lrj esa ukjk;.kiqj ftyk ls T;knk o`f) gqbZ gSA vè;;u ds ifjdYiuk ds varxZr f'k{kk esa lkFkZd deh vkbZ gS vFkkZr~ oSdfYid ifjdYiuk Lohdkj gksxkA f}rh; ifjdYiuk ifj{k.k ds varxZr egkleqn ,oa ukjk;.kiqj ftys esa ifjokjksa dh vkSlr vkdkj esa lkFkZd deh vkbZ gS] ftldk dkj.k ;g gS fd orZeku esa la;qä ifjokjksa dh la[;k esa deh vk;h gS vFkkZr~ oSdfYid ifjdYiuk Lohdkj gksxhA vr% fu"d"kZ ds :i esa dgk tk ldrk gS fd NÙkhlx<+ jkT; esa igys dh vis{kk orZeku esa lekftd Lrj esa csgrj :i ls lqèkkj vkbZ gSA lkekftd fLFkfr dks lq–<+ cukus ds fy, NÙkhlx<+ dh ljdkj dks f'k{kk ds Lrj esa deh;ksa dks nwj djrs gq, vkSj Hkh csgrj cukus dh vko';drk gSA

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Received on 29.11.2024 Revised on 05.12.2024

Accepted on 12.12.2024 Published on 18.12.2024

Available online on December 27, 2024

Int. J. of Reviews and Res. in Social Sci. 2024; 12(4):279-286.

DOI: 10.52711/2454-2687.2024.00046

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